lol

Reviewed-on: #54

README.md

@@ -2,8 +2,12 @@
 
 *New* Spreadsheet Calculator Improved
 
+![Screenshot](readme/screenshot.png)
+
 Based loosely off sc-im (spreadsheet calculator improvised), which has dumb keybinds and not many features.
 
+[Checkout a demo file](readme/demo.nscim), download, then open with `neoscim demo.nscim`.
+
 ## Keybinds
 
 ### Normal mode
@@ -21,6 +25,8 @@ Based loosely off sc-im (spreadsheet calculator improvised), which has dumb keyb
 | `gg` | Go to beginning of the column |
 | `G` | Go to end of column |
 | `gG` | Go to end of the the visual column |
+| `u`/`Page Down` | Undo[^undo] |
+| `Page Up` | Redo[^undo] |
 | `i`/`a` | Enter insert mode on current cell |
 | `r` | Enter insert mode on current cell, deleting contents |
 | `v` | Enter visual mode |
@@ -39,6 +45,8 @@ Based loosely off sc-im (spreadsheet calculator improvised), which has dumb keyb
 | n`G` | Jump to row "n" |
 | nX | Press "X", "n" times |
 
+[^undo]: Page up/down keybinds are (probably) temporary until I can get ctrl+r to work for redo, which is the propper key for this action. See issue #25 for the status on this.
+
 ### Visual mode
 
 | Key | Action |
@@ -64,6 +72,7 @@ These commands operate on selections.
 | - | - |
 | `:plot` | Plots the current selection to `plot.png` using gnuplot |
 | `:export <filename>` | Exports the current selection to a new file |
+| `:fill <value>` | (Aliased as `f`) Fill the selection with `<value>`, special variables `x`,`y`,`xi`, and `yi` are avaliable. Variables `x` and `y` are the global coordinates of the cell, and `xi` and `yi` are the local coordinates of the selection. |
 
 ## Math / Functions
 

readme/demo.nscim

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+,,,
+Most of vim's movement works here as well,,,
+,,,
+,i,,
+j,Movement,l,
+,j,,
+,,,
+,"insert text with r, i, or a",,
+,,,
+1,,,
+1,Text can overflow cells,,
+1,But may get cut off if it's too long,,10
+1,,,If it reaches another cell
+1,,,
+Total:,=sum(A:A),Sum A:A,
+,=math::log2(B14),Do math on the output of another function,
+,,,
+,,,
+,,11,Number.
+,,=C18+1,Referencing the number and adding 1
+,,,Copying the cell down will translate the reference

src/app/app.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,10 @@ use ratatui::{
 use crate::app::{
     clipboard::Clipboard,
     error_msg::StatusMessage,
-    logic::{self, calc::{Grid, get_header_size}, cell::CellType},
+    logic::{
+        calc::{Grid, LEN, get_header_size},
+        cell::CellType,
+    },
     mode::Mode,
     screen::ScreenSpace,
 };
@@ -39,9 +42,11 @@ pub struct App {
 
 impl Widget for &App {
     fn render(self, area: prelude::Rect, buf: &mut prelude::Buffer) {
+        // let now = std::time::Instant::now();
+
         let (x_max, y_max) = self.screen.how_many_cells_fit_in(&area, &self.vars);
 
-        let is_selected = |x: usize, y: usize| -> bool {
+        let is_visually_selected = |x: usize, y: usize| -> bool {
             if let Mode::Visual((mut x1, mut y1)) | Mode::VisualCmd((mut x1, mut y1), _) = self.mode {
                 let (mut x2, mut y2) = self.grid.cursor();
                 x1 += 1;
@@ -60,10 +65,40 @@ impl Widget for &App {
             false
         };
 
-        for x in 0..x_max {
+        // cells that are related by reference to the cursor's cell
-            for y in 0..y_max {
+        // (inputs to formulas and such)
-                let mut display = String::new();
+        let cells_of_interest: Vec<(usize, usize)> = {
-                let mut style = Style::new().fg(Color::White);
+            let ctx = crate::app::logic::ctx::ExtractionContext::new();
+            let (x, y) = self.grid.cursor();
+            if let Some(cell) = self.grid.get_cell_raw(x, y) {
+                if let CellType::Equation(eq) = cell {
+                    let _ = evalexpr::eval_with_context(&eq[1..], &ctx);
+                    let vars = ctx.dump_vars();
+
+                    let mut interest = Vec::new();
+                    for var in vars {
+                        if let Some(a) = Grid::parse_to_idx(&var) {
+                            interest.push(a);
+                        } else if let Some((start, end)) = Grid::range_as_indices(&var) {
+                            // insert coords:
+                            // (start, 0..len)
+                            // ..
+                            // (end, 0..len)
+                            for x in start..=end {
+                                for y in 0..=super::logic::calc::LEN {
+                                    interest.push((x,y))
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    interest
+                } else {
+                    Vec::new()
+                }
+            } else {
+                Vec::new()
+            }
+        };
 
         // Custom width for the header of each row
         let row_header_width = get_header_size() as u16;
@@ -72,6 +107,11 @@ impl Widget for &App {
         let cell_width = self.screen.get_cell_width(&self.vars) as u16;
         let cell_height = self.screen.get_cell_height(&self.vars) as u16;
 
+        for x in 0..x_max {
+            for y in 0..y_max {
+                let mut display = String::new();
+                let mut style = Style::new();
+
                 // Minus 1 because of header cells,
                 // the grid is shifted over (1,1), so if you need
                 // to index the grid, these are you values.
@@ -84,6 +124,11 @@ impl Widget for &App {
                     y_idx = y as usize - 1 + self.screen.scroll_y();
                 }
 
+                // don't render non-accessible cells
+                if x_idx > LEN-1 {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 const ORANGE1: Color = Color::Rgb(200, 160, 0);
                 const ORANGE2: Color = Color::Rgb(180, 130, 0);
 
@@ -94,8 +139,8 @@ impl Widget for &App {
                 fn center_text(text: &str, avaliable_space: i32) -> String {
                     let margin = avaliable_space - text.len() as i32;
                     let margin = margin / 2;
-                    let l_margin  = (0..margin).into_iter().map(|_| ' ').collect::<String>();
+                    let l_margin = (0..margin).map(|_| ' ').collect::<String>();
-                    let r_margin = (0..(margin-(l_margin.len() as i32))).into_iter().map(|_| ' ').collect::<String>();
+                    let r_margin = (0..(margin - (l_margin.len() as i32))).map(|_| ' ').collect::<String>();
                     format!("{l_margin}{text}{r_margin}")
                 }
 
@@ -111,7 +156,7 @@ impl Widget for &App {
 
                         let bg = if y_idx == self.grid.cursor().1 {
                             Color::DarkGray
-                        } else if y_idx % 2 == 0 {
+                        } else if y_idx.is_multiple_of(2) {
                             ORANGE1
                         } else {
                             ORANGE2
@@ -124,7 +169,7 @@ impl Widget for &App {
 
                         let bg = if x_idx == self.grid.cursor().0 {
                             Color::DarkGray
-                        } else if x_idx % 2 == 0 {
+                        } else if x_idx.is_multiple_of(2) {
                             ORANGE1
                         } else {
                             ORANGE2
@@ -148,6 +193,9 @@ impl Widget for &App {
                                             Ok(val) => {
                                                 display = val.to_string();
                                                 style = Style::new()
+                                                    .fg(Color::White)
+                                                    // TODO This breaks dumb terminals like the windows
+                                                    // terminal
                                                     .underline_color(Color::DarkGray)
                                                     .add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED);
                                             }
@@ -163,11 +211,12 @@ impl Widget for &App {
                                     }
                                 }
 
+                                // ===================================================
                                 // Allow for text in one cell to visually overflow into empty cells
                                 suggest_upper_bound = Some(display.len() as u16);
                                 // check for cells to the right, see if we should truncate the cell width
                                 for i in 1..(display.len() as f32 / cell_width as f32).ceil() as usize {
-                                    if let Some(_) = self.grid.get_cell_raw(x_idx + i, y_idx) {
+                                    if self.grid.get_cell_raw(x_idx + i, y_idx).is_some() {
                                         suggest_upper_bound = Some(cell_width * i as u16);
                                         break;
                                     }
@@ -179,18 +228,25 @@ impl Widget for &App {
                                         display.push('…');
                                     }
                                 }
+                                // ===================================================
                             }
                             // Don't render blank cells
                             None => should_render = false,
                         }
 
-                        if is_selected(x.into(), y.into()) {
+                        if cells_of_interest.contains(&(x_idx, y_idx)) {
+                            style = style.fg(Color::Yellow);
+                            should_render = true;
+                        }
+
+                        if is_visually_selected(x.into(), y.into()) {
                             style = style.bg(Color::Blue);
                             // Make it so that cells render when selected. This fixes issue #32
                             should_render = true;
                         }
                         if (x_idx, y_idx) == self.grid.cursor() {
                             should_render = true;
+
                             style = Style::new().fg(Color::Black).bg(Color::White);
                             // modify the style of the cell you are editing
                             if let Mode::Insert(_) = self.mode {
@@ -216,7 +272,7 @@ impl Widget for &App {
                     } else if let Some(suggestion) = suggest_upper_bound {
                         let max_available_width = area.width - x_off;
                         // draw the biggest cell possible, without going OOB off the screen
-                        let width = min(max_available_width, suggestion as u16);
+                        let width = min(max_available_width, suggestion);
                         // Don't draw too small tho, we want full-sized cells, minium
                         let width = max(cell_width, width);
 
@@ -229,6 +285,9 @@ impl Widget for &App {
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        // let ns = now.elapsed().as_nanos() as f64;
+        // eprintln!("Rendered in {}ms", ns/1_000_000.);
     }
 }
 
@@ -274,7 +333,6 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn file_name_display(&self) -> String {
-        let file_name_status = {
         let mut file_name = "[No Name]";
         let mut icon = "";
         if let Some(file) = &self.file {
@@ -288,8 +346,6 @@ impl App {
             icon = "[+]";
         }
         format!("{file_name}{icon}")
-        };
-        file_name_status
     }
 
     fn draw(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
@@ -320,6 +376,8 @@ impl App {
         let cmd_line_left = cmd_line_split[0];
         let cmd_line_status = cmd_line_split[1];
         let cmd_line_right = cmd_line_split[2];
+
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         let cmd_line_debug = cmd_line_split[3];
         // ======================================================
 
@@ -354,7 +412,7 @@ impl App {
                     event::KeyCode::Char(c) => chord.add_char(c),
                     event::KeyCode::Enter => {
                         // tmp is to get around reference issues.
-                        let tmp = pos.clone();
+                        let tmp = *pos;
                         Mode::process_cmd(self);
                         self.mode = Mode::Visual(tmp)
                     }
@@ -384,17 +442,20 @@ impl App {
                     event::KeyCode::Enter => {
                         let v = editor.as_string();
 
+                        let cursor = self.grid.cursor();
+                        self.grid.transact_on_grid(|grid| {
                             // try to insert as a float
                             if let Ok(v) = v.parse::<f64>() {
-                            self.grid.set_cell_raw(self.grid.cursor(), Some(v));
+                                grid.set_cell_raw(cursor, Some(v));
                             } else {
                                 // if you can't, then insert as a string
                                 if !v.is_empty() {
-                                self.grid.set_cell_raw(self.grid.cursor(), Some(v));
+                                    grid.set_cell_raw(cursor, Some(v.to_owned()));
                                 } else {
-                                self.grid.set_cell_raw::<CellType>(self.grid.cursor(), None);
+                                    grid.set_cell_raw::<CellType>(cursor, None);
                                 }
                             }
+                        });
 
                         self.mode = Mode::Normal;
                     }
@@ -410,9 +471,24 @@ impl App {
             },
             Mode::Normal => match event::read()? {
                 event::Event::Key(key_event) => match key_event.code {
-                    event::KeyCode::F(_) => todo!(),
+                    event::KeyCode::F(_n) => {}
-                    event::KeyCode::Char(c) => {
+                    event::KeyCode::Char(c) => Mode::process_key(self, c),
-                        Mode::process_key(self, c);
+                    // Pretend that the arrow keys are vim movement keys
+                    event::KeyCode::Left => Mode::process_key(self, 'h'),
+                    event::KeyCode::Right => Mode::process_key(self, 'l'),
+                    event::KeyCode::Up => Mode::process_key(self, 'k'),
+                    event::KeyCode::Down => Mode::process_key(self, 'j'),
+                    // Getting ctrl to work isn't going will right now. Use page keys for the time being.
+                    event::KeyCode::PageUp => self.grid.redo(),
+                    event::KeyCode::PageDown => self.grid.undo(),
+                    event::KeyCode::Modifier(modifier_key_code) => {
+                        if let event::ModifierKeyCode::LeftControl | event::ModifierKeyCode::RightControl =
+                            modifier_key_code
+                        {
+                            // TODO my terminal (alacritty) isn't showing me ctrl presses. I know
+                            // that they work tho, since ctrl+r works here in neovim.
+                            // panic!("heard ctrl");
+                        }
                     }
                     _ => {}
                 },

src/app/clipboard.rs

@@ -18,12 +18,7 @@ pub struct Clipboard {
 
 impl Clipboard {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
+        Self { clipboard: Vec::new(), last_paste_cell: (0, 0), momentum: (0, 1), source_cell: (0, 0) }
-            clipboard: Vec::new(),
-            last_paste_cell: (0, 0),
-            momentum: (0, 1),
-            source_cell: (0, 0),
-        }
     }
 
     /// Panics if clipboard is 0 length (if you call after you
@@ -49,6 +44,8 @@ impl Clipboard {
         // cursor
         let (cx, cy) = into.cursor();
 
+        let cursor = into.cursor();
+        into.transact_on_grid(|grid| {
             // iterate thru the clipbaord's cells
             for (x, row) in self.clipboard.iter().enumerate() {
                 for (y, cell) in row.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -56,18 +53,19 @@ impl Clipboard {
 
                     if translate {
                         if let Some(cell) = cell {
-                        let trans = cell.translate_cell(self.source_cell, into.cursor());
+                            let trans = cell.translate_cell(self.source_cell, cursor);
-                        into.set_cell_raw(idx, Some(trans));
+                            grid.set_cell_raw(idx, Some(trans));
                         } else {
                             // The cell at this location doesn't exist (empty)
-                        into.set_cell_raw::<CellType>(idx, None);
+                            grid.set_cell_raw::<CellType>(idx, None);
                         }
                     } else {
                         // translate = false
-                    into.set_cell_raw::<CellType>(idx, cell.clone());
+                        grid.set_cell_raw::<CellType>(idx, cell.clone());
                     }
                 }
             }
+        });
 
         let (lx, ly) = self.last_paste_cell;
         self.momentum = (cx as i32 - lx as i32, cy as i32 - ly as i32);
@@ -109,16 +107,19 @@ impl Clipboard {
 
         // size the clipboard appropriately
         self.clipboard.clear();
+
+        from.transact_on_grid(|grid| {
             // clone data into clipboard
             for x in low_x..=hi_x {
                 let mut col = Vec::new();
                 for y in low_y..=hi_y {
-                let a = from.get_cell_raw(x, y);
+                    let a = grid.get_cell_raw(x, y);
                     col.push(a.clone());
-                from.set_cell_raw::<CellType>((x, y), None);
+                    grid.set_cell_raw::<CellType>((x, y), None);
                 }
                 self.clipboard.push(col);
             }
+        });
         self.last_paste_cell = (low_x, low_y);
     }
 }
@@ -353,7 +354,7 @@ fn copy_paste_y_locked_var() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn issue_47() {
+fn copy_paste_var_in_function() {
     let mut app = App::new();
     app.grid.set_cell("A0", 4.to_string());
     Mode::process_key(&mut app, 'j');
@@ -367,3 +368,31 @@ fn issue_47() {
     let a = app.grid.get_cell("A2").as_ref().expect("Should've been set by paste");
     assert_eq!(a.to_string(), "=math::log2(A1)");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn copy_paste_range_in_function() {
+    let mut app = App::new();
+    app.grid.set_cell("A0", 1.to_string());
+    app.grid.set_cell("A1", 1.to_string());
+    app.grid.set_cell("A2", 1.to_string());
+
+    app.grid.set_cell("B0", "=sum(A:A)".to_string());
+    app.grid.mv_cursor_to(1, 0);
+    app.mode = super::mode::Mode::Chord(Chord::new('y'));
+    Mode::process_key(&mut app, 'y');
+    Mode::process_key(&mut app, 'l');
+    Mode::process_key(&mut app, 'p');
+
+    let a = app.grid.get_cell("C0").as_ref().expect("Should've been set by paste");
+    assert_eq!(a.to_string(), "=sum(B:B)");
+
+    // now copy the range the other direction
+    app.grid.mv_cursor_to(2, 0);
+    app.mode = super::mode::Mode::Chord(Chord::new('y'));
+    Mode::process_key(&mut app, 'y');
+    app.grid.mv_cursor_to(1, 1);
+    Mode::process_key(&mut app, 'p');
+
+    let a = app.grid.get_cell("B1").as_ref().expect("Should've been set by paste");
+    assert_eq!(a.to_string(), "=sum(A:A)");
+}

src/app/error_msg.rs

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl Widget for &StatusMessage {
         let msg = if self.start.elapsed().as_secs() > 3 {
             String::new()
         } else {
-            self.msg.clone().unwrap_or(String::new())
+            self.msg.clone().unwrap_or_default()
         };
 
         let style = match self.msg_type {

src/app/logic/calc.rs

@@ -2,37 +2,134 @@ use std::{
     cmp::{max, min},
     fs::{self, File},
     io::{Read, Write},
-    path::PathBuf
+    path::PathBuf,
 };
 
 use evalexpr::*;
 
-use crate::app::{
+use crate::app::logic::{
-    logic::{
+    calc::internal::CellGrid,
     cell::{CSV_DELIMITER, CellType},
     ctx,
-    }, mode::Mode,
 };
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 use crate::app::app::App;
+#[cfg(test)]
+use crate::app::mode::Mode;
 
 pub fn get_header_size() -> usize {
-    let row_header_width = LEN.to_string().len();
+    LEN.to_string().len()
-    row_header_width
 }
 
 pub const LEN: usize = 1001;
 pub const CSV_EXT: &str = "csv";
 pub const CUSTOM_EXT: &str = "nscim";
 
-pub struct Grid {
+mod internal {
+    use crate::app::logic::{calc::LEN, cell::CellType};
+
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    pub struct CellGrid {
         //  a b c ...
         // 0
         // 1
         // 2
         // ...
         cells: Vec<Vec<Option<CellType>>>,
+    }
+
+    impl CellGrid {
+        pub fn new() -> Self {
+            let mut a = Vec::with_capacity(LEN);
+            for _ in 0..LEN {
+                let mut b = Vec::with_capacity(LEN);
+                for _ in 0..LEN {
+                    b.push(None)
+                }
+                a.push(b)
+            }
+            Self { cells: a }
+        }
+
+        pub fn insert_row(&mut self, y: usize) {
+            for x in 0..LEN {
+                self.cells[x].insert(y, None);
+                self.cells[x].pop();
+            }
+        }
+
+        pub fn insert_column(&mut self, x: usize) {
+            let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(LEN);
+            for _ in 0..LEN {
+                v.push(None);
+            }
+            // let clone = self.grid_history[self.current_grid].clone();
+            self.cells.insert(x, v);
+            // keep the grid LEN
+            self.cells.pop();
+        }
+
+        pub fn get_cell_raw(&self, x: usize, y: usize) -> &Option<CellType> {
+            if x >= LEN || y >= LEN {
+                return &None;
+            }
+            &self.cells[x][y]
+        }
+
+        pub fn set_cell_raw<T: Into<CellType>>(&mut self, (x, y): (usize, usize), val: Option<T>) {
+            // TODO check oob
+            self.cells[x][y] = val.map(|v| v.into());
+        }
+        /// Iterate over the entire grid and see where
+        /// the farthest modified cell is.
+        #[must_use]
+        pub fn max(&self) -> (usize, usize) {
+            let mut max_x = 0;
+            let mut max_y = 0;
+
+            for (xi, x) in self.cells.iter().enumerate() {
+                for (yi, cell) in x.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if cell.is_some() {
+                        if yi > max_y {
+                            max_y = yi
+                        }
+                        if xi > max_x {
+                            max_x = xi
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            (max_x, max_y)
+        }
+
+        #[must_use]
+        pub fn max_y_at_x(&self, x: usize) -> usize {
+            let mut max_y = 0;
+            if let Some(col) = self.cells.get(x) {
+                // we could do fancy things like .take_while(not null) but then
+                // we would have to deal with empty cells and stuff, which sounds
+                // boring. This will be fast "enough", considering the grid is
+                // probably only like 1k cells
+                for (yi, cell) in col.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if cell.is_some() {
+                        if yi > max_y {
+                            max_y = yi
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            max_y
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Grid {
+    /// Which grid in history are we currently on
+    current_grid: usize,
+    /// An array of grids, thru history
+    grid_history: Vec<CellGrid>,
     /// (X, Y)
     selected_cell: (usize, usize),
     /// Have unsaved modifications been made?
@@ -47,20 +144,9 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for Grid {
 
 impl Grid {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
-        let mut a = Vec::with_capacity(LEN);
+        let x = CellGrid::new();
-        for _ in 0..LEN {
-            let mut b = Vec::with_capacity(LEN);
-            for _ in 0..LEN {
-                b.push(None)
-            }
-            a.push(b)
-        }
 
-        Self {
+        Self { current_grid: 0, grid_history: vec![x], selected_cell: (0, 0), dirty: false }
-            cells: a,
-            selected_cell: (0, 0),
-            dirty: false,
-        }
     }
 
     pub fn new_from_file(file: &mut File) -> std::io::Result<Self> {
@@ -68,6 +154,8 @@ impl Grid {
 
         let mut buf = String::new();
         file.read_to_string(&mut buf)?;
+
+        grid.transact_on_grid(|grid| {
             for (yi, line) in buf.lines().enumerate() {
                 let cells = Self::parse_csv_line(line);
 
@@ -76,6 +164,7 @@ impl Grid {
                     grid.set_cell_raw((xi, yi), cell);
                 }
             }
+        });
 
         // force dirty back off, we just read the data so it's gtg
         grid.dirty = false;
@@ -112,25 +201,21 @@ impl Grid {
         }
 
         let mut f = fs::OpenOptions::new().write(true).append(false).truncate(true).create(true).open(path)?;
-        let (mx, my) = self.max();
+        let (mx, my) = self.get_grid().max();
         for y in 0..=my {
             for x in 0..=mx {
-                let cell = &self.cells[x][y];
+                let cell = &self.get_grid().get_cell_raw(x, y);
 
                 // newline after the cell, because it's end of line.
                 // else, just put a comma after the cell.
                 let is_last = x == mx;
-                let delim = if is_last {
+                let delim = if is_last { '\n' } else { CSV_DELIMITER };
-                    '\n'
-                } else {
-                    CSV_DELIMITER
-                };
 
                 let data = if let Some(cell) = cell {
                     if let Ok(val) = self.evaluate(&cell.to_string())
                         && resolve_values
                     {
-                        format!("{}{}", val.to_string(), delim)
+                        format!("{val}{delim}")
                     } else {
                         format!("{}{}", cell.escaped_csv_string(), delim)
                     }
@@ -146,6 +231,37 @@ impl Grid {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    pub fn get_grid(&self) -> &CellGrid {
+        &self.grid_history[self.current_grid]
+    }
+
+    pub fn undo(&mut self) {
+        self.current_grid = self.current_grid.saturating_sub(1);
+    }
+
+    pub fn redo(&mut self) {
+        self.current_grid = min(self.grid_history.len() - 1, self.current_grid + 1);
+    }
+
+    pub fn transact_on_grid<F>(&mut self, mut action: F)
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&mut CellGrid),
+    {
+        // push on a new reality
+        let new = self.get_grid().clone();
+        self.grid_history.push(new);
+        self.current_grid += 1;
+
+        // delete the other fork of the history
+        for i in self.current_grid + 1..self.grid_history.len() {
+            self.grid_history.remove(i);
+        }
+
+        action(&mut self.grid_history[self.current_grid]);
+
+        self.dirty = true;
+    }
+
     pub fn needs_to_be_saved(&self) -> bool {
         self.dirty
     }
@@ -252,101 +368,84 @@ impl Grid {
     }
 
     pub fn insert_row_above(&mut self, (_x, insertion_y): (usize, usize)) {
+        self.transact_on_grid(|grid: &mut CellGrid| {
+            grid.insert_row(insertion_y);
             for x in 0..LEN {
-            self.cells[x].insert(insertion_y, None);
-            self.cells[x].pop();
                 for y in 0..LEN {
-                if let Some(cell) = self.get_cell_raw(x, y).as_ref().map(|f| {
+                    if let Some(cell) = grid.get_cell_raw(x, y).as_ref().map(|f| {
                         f.custom_translate_cell((0, 0), (0, 1), |rolling, old, new| {
                             if let Some((_, arg_y)) = Grid::parse_to_idx(old) {
                                 if arg_y < insertion_y { rolling.to_owned() } else { rolling.replace(old, new) }
+                            } else if Grid::range_as_indices(old).is_some() {
+                                // ranges are  not changed when moved vertically
+                                rolling.to_string()
                             } else {
-                            unimplemented!("Invalid variable wanted to be translated")
+                                #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+                                unimplemented!("Invalid variable wanted to be translated");
+
+                                #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+                                rolling.to_string()
                             }
-                    }
+                        })
-                    )}) {
+                    }) {
-                    self.set_cell_raw((x,y), Some(cell));
+                        grid.set_cell_raw((x, y), Some(cell));
                     }
                 }
             }
+        });
     }
+
     pub fn insert_row_below(&mut self, (x, y): (usize, usize)) {
         self.insert_row_above((x, y + 1));
     }
+
     pub fn insert_column_before(&mut self, (insertion_x, _y): (usize, usize)) {
-        let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(LEN);
+        self.transact_on_grid(|grid| {
-        for _ in 0..LEN {
+            grid.insert_column(insertion_x);
-            v.push(None);
-        }
-        self.cells.insert(insertion_x, v);
-        // keep the grid LEN
-        self.cells.pop();
             for x in 0..LEN {
                 for y in 0..LEN {
-                if let Some(cell) = self.get_cell_raw(x, y).as_ref().map(|f| {
+                    if let Some(cell) = grid.get_cell_raw(x, y).as_ref().map(|f| {
                         f.custom_translate_cell((0, 0), (1, 0), |rolling, old, new| {
                             if let Some((arg_x, _)) = Grid::parse_to_idx(old) {
                                 // add 1 because of the insertion
                                 if arg_x < insertion_x { rolling.to_owned() } else { rolling.replace(old, new) }
+                            } else if let Some((start, end)) = Grid::range_as_indices(old) {
+                                let mut range_start = Grid::num_to_char(start);
+                                let mut range_end = Grid::num_to_char(end);
+
+                                if start >= insertion_x {
+                                    range_start = Grid::num_to_char(start+1);
+                                }
+
+                                if end >= insertion_x {
+                                    range_end = Grid::num_to_char(end+1);
+                                }
+                                let new = format!("{range_start}:{range_end}");
+
+                                rolling.replace(old, &new)
                             } else {
-                            unimplemented!("Invalid variable wanted to be translated")
+                                #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+                                unimplemented!("Invalid variable wanted to be translated");
+
+                                #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+                                rolling.to_string()
                             }
                         })
                     }) {
-                    self.set_cell_raw((x, y), Some(cell));
+                        grid.set_cell_raw((x, y), Some(cell));
                     }
                 }
             }
+        });
     }
+
     pub fn insert_column_after(&mut self, (x, y): (usize, usize)) {
         self.insert_column_before((x + 1, y));
     }
-    /// Iterate over the entire grid and see where
-    /// the farthest modified cell is.
-    #[must_use]
-    fn max(&self) -> (usize, usize) {
-        let mut max_x = 0;
-        let mut max_y = 0;
-
-        for (xi, x) in self.cells.iter().enumerate() {
-            for (yi, cell) in x.iter().enumerate() {
-                if cell.is_some() {
-                    if yi > max_y {
-                        max_y = yi
-                    }
-                    if xi > max_x {
-                        max_x = xi
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        (max_x, max_y)
-    }
-
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn max_y_at_x(&self, x: usize) -> usize {
-        let mut max_y = 0;
-        if let Some(col) = self.cells.get(x) {
-            // we could do fancy things like .take_while(not null) but then
-            // we would have to deal with empty cells and stuff, which sounds
-            // boring. This will be fast "enough", considering the grid is
-            // probably only like 1k cells
-            for (yi, cell) in col.iter().enumerate() {
-                if cell.is_some() {
-                    if yi > max_y {
-                        max_y = yi
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        max_y
-    }
 
     /// Only evaluates equations, such as `=10` or `=A1/C2`, not
     /// strings or numbers.
-    pub fn evaluate(&self, mut eq: &str) -> Result<f64, String> {
+    pub fn evaluate(&self, mut eq: &str) -> Result<CellType, String> {
         if eq.starts_with('=') {
             eq = &eq[1..];
         } else {
@@ -354,17 +453,21 @@ impl Grid {
             return Err(format!("\"{eq}\" is not an equation"));
         }
 
-        let ctx = ctx::CallbackContext::new(&self);
+        let ctx = ctx::CallbackContext::new(self);
 
         let prep_for_return = |v: Value| {
             if v.is_number() {
                 if v.is_float() {
                     let val = v.as_float().expect("Value lied about being a float");
-                    return Ok(val);
+                    return Ok(CellType::Number(val));
                 } else if v.is_int() {
-                    let i = v.as_int().expect("Value lied about being an int");
+                    let val = v.as_int().expect("Value lied about being an int");
-                    return Ok(i as f64);
+                    return Ok(CellType::Number(val as f64));
                 }
+            } else if v.is_string() {
+                // ^^ This allows for functions to return a string
+                let s = v.as_string().expect("Value lied about being a String");
+                return Ok(CellType::String(s));
             }
             return Err("Result is NaN".to_string());
         };
@@ -377,10 +480,7 @@ impl Grid {
                 EvalexprError::VariableIdentifierNotFound(var_not_found) => {
                     return Err(format!("\"{var_not_found}\" is not a variable"));
                 }
-                EvalexprError::TypeError {
+                EvalexprError::TypeError { expected: e, actual: a } => {
-                    expected: e,
-                    actual: a,
-                } => {
                     // IE: You put a string into a function that wants a float
                     return Err(format!("Wanted {e:?}, got {a}"));
                 }
@@ -389,12 +489,37 @@ impl Grid {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Gets the indices of the range labels.
+    /// A:B -> (0,1)
+    pub fn range_as_indices(range: &str) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
+        let v = range.split(':').collect::<Vec<&str>>();
+        if v.len() == 2 {
+            let start_col = v[0];
+            let end_col = v[1];
+
+            let start_idx = Grid::char_to_idx(start_col);
+            let end_idx = Grid::char_to_idx(end_col);
+
+            return Some((start_idx, end_idx));
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    pub fn char_to_idx(i: &str) -> usize {
+        i
+            .chars()
+            .filter(|f| f.is_alphabetic())
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(idx, c)| ((c.to_ascii_lowercase() as usize).saturating_sub(97)) + (26 * idx))
+            .sum()
+    }
+
     /// Parse values in the format of A0, C10 ZZ99, etc, and
     /// turn them into an X,Y index.
     pub fn parse_to_idx(i: &str) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
         let i = i.replace('$', "");
 
-        let chars = i.chars().take_while(|c| c.is_alphabetic()).collect::<Vec<char>>();
+        let chars = i.chars().take_while(|c| c.is_alphabetic()).collect::<String>();
         let nums = i.chars().skip(chars.len()).take_while(|c| c.is_numeric()).collect::<String>();
 
         // At least half the arguments are gone
@@ -403,11 +528,7 @@ impl Grid {
         }
 
         // get the x index from the chars
-        let x_idx = chars
+        let x_idx = Self::char_to_idx(&chars);
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(|(idx, c)| (c.to_ascii_lowercase() as usize - 97) + (26 * idx))
-            .fold(0, |a, b| a + b);
 
         // get the y index from the numbers
         if let Ok(y_idx) = nums.parse::<usize>() {
@@ -419,15 +540,12 @@ impl Grid {
 
     /// Helper for tests
     #[cfg(test)]
-    pub fn set_cell<T: Into<CellType>>(&mut self, cell_id: &str, val: T) {
+    pub fn set_cell<T: Into<CellType> + Clone>(&mut self, cell_id: &str, val: T) {
         if let Some(loc) = Self::parse_to_idx(cell_id) {
-            self.set_cell_raw(loc, Some(val));
+            self.transact_on_grid(|grid| {
+                grid.set_cell_raw(loc, Some(val.clone()));
+            });
         }
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_cell_raw<T: Into<CellType>>(&mut self, (x, y): (usize, usize), val: Option<T>) {
-        // TODO check oob
-        self.cells[x][y] = val.map(|v| v.into());
         self.dirty = true;
     }
 
@@ -446,7 +564,7 @@ impl Grid {
         if x >= LEN || y >= LEN {
             return &None;
         }
-        &self.cells[x][y]
+        self.get_grid().get_cell_raw(x, y)
     }
 
     pub fn num_to_char(idx: usize) -> String {
@@ -463,7 +581,7 @@ impl Grid {
         }
         word[1] = ((idx % 26) + 65) as u8 as char;
 
-        word.iter().collect()
+        word.iter().filter(|a| !a.is_ascii_whitespace()).collect()
     }
 }
 
@@ -499,11 +617,11 @@ fn saving_csv() {
     // insure that the cells are there
     let cell = app.grid.get_cell_raw(0, 10).as_ref().expect("Should've been set");
     let res = app.grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should evaluate");
-    assert_eq!(res, 11.0);
+    assert_eq!(res, (11.0).into());
     assert_eq!(cell.escaped_csv_string(), "=A9+A$0");
     let cell = app.grid.get_cell_raw(1, 10).as_ref().expect("Should've been set");
     let res = app.grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should evaluate");
-    assert_eq!(res, 121.0);
+    assert_eq!(res, (121.0).into());
     assert_eq!(cell.escaped_csv_string(), "=A10^2");
 
     // set saving the file
@@ -542,11 +660,11 @@ fn saving_neoscim() {
     // insure that the cells are there
     let cell = app.grid.get_cell_raw(0, 10).as_ref().expect("Should've been set");
     let res = app.grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should evaluate");
-    assert_eq!(res, 11.0);
+    assert_eq!(res, (11.0).into());
     assert_eq!(cell.escaped_csv_string(), "=A9+A$0");
     let cell = app.grid.get_cell_raw(1, 10).as_ref().expect("Should've been set");
     let res = app.grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should evaluate");
-    assert_eq!(res, 121.0);
+    assert_eq!(res, (121.0).into());
     assert_eq!(cell.escaped_csv_string(), "=A10^2");
 
     // set saving the file
@@ -564,7 +682,7 @@ fn saving_neoscim() {
 fn cell_strings() {
     let mut grid = Grid::new();
 
-    assert!(&grid.cells[0][0].is_none());
+    assert!(&grid.get_grid().get_cell_raw(0, 0).is_none());
     grid.set_cell("A0", "Hello".to_string());
     assert!(grid.get_cell("A0").is_some());
 
@@ -587,9 +705,10 @@ fn alphanumeric_indexing() {
     assert_eq!(Grid::parse_to_idx("A"), None);
     assert_eq!(Grid::parse_to_idx(":"), None);
     assert_eq!(Grid::parse_to_idx("="), None);
+    assert_eq!(Grid::parse_to_idx("A:A"), None);
 
-    assert_eq!(Grid::num_to_char(0).trim(), "A");
+    assert_eq!(Grid::num_to_char(0), "A");
-    assert_eq!(Grid::num_to_char(25).trim(), "Z");
+    assert_eq!(Grid::num_to_char(25), "Z");
     assert_eq!(Grid::num_to_char(26), "AA");
     assert_eq!(Grid::num_to_char(51), "AZ");
     assert_eq!(Grid::num_to_char(701), "ZZ");
@@ -607,31 +726,31 @@ fn valid_equations() {
     // cell math
     let cell = grid.get_cell("C0").as_ref().expect("Just set it");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should evaluate.");
-    assert_eq!(res, 3.);
+    assert_eq!(res, (3.).into());
 
     // divide floats
     grid.set_cell("D0", "=5./2.".to_string());
     let cell = grid.get_cell("D0").as_ref().expect("I just set this");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should be ok");
-    assert_eq!(res, 2.5);
+    assert_eq!(res, (2.5).into());
 
     // Float / Int mix
     grid.set_cell("D0", "=5./2".to_string());
     let cell = grid.get_cell("D0").as_ref().expect("I just set this");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should be ok");
-    assert_eq!(res, 2.5);
+    assert_eq!(res, (2.5).into());
 
     // divide "ints" (should become floats)
     grid.set_cell("D0", "=5/2".to_string());
     let cell = grid.get_cell("D0").as_ref().expect("I just set this");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should be ok");
-    assert_eq!(res, 2.5);
+    assert_eq!(res, (2.5).into());
 
     // Non-equation that should still be valid
     grid.set_cell("D0", "=10".to_string());
     let cell = grid.get_cell("D0").as_ref().expect("I just set this");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should be ok");
-    assert_eq!(res, 10.);
+    assert_eq!(res, (10.).into());
 }
 
 // Cell = output of Cell = value of Cells.
@@ -644,14 +763,16 @@ fn fn_of_fn() {
     grid.set_cell("C0", "=A0+B0".to_string());
     grid.set_cell("D0", "=C0*2".to_string());
     
-    if let Some(cell) = grid.get_cell("D0") {
+    let cell = grid.get_cell("D0");
+    assert!(cell.is_some());
+
+    if let Some(cell) = cell {
         let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string());
 
         assert!(res.is_ok());
-        assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), 6.);
+        assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), (6.).into());
         return;
     }
-    panic!("Cell not found");
 }
 
 // Two cells that have a circular dependency to solve for a value
@@ -661,12 +782,14 @@ fn circular_reference_cells() {
     grid.set_cell("A0", "=B0".to_string());
     grid.set_cell("B0", "=A0".to_string());
 
-    if let Some(cell) = grid.get_cell("A0") {
+    let cell = grid.get_cell("A0");
+    assert!(cell.is_some());
+
+    if let Some(cell) = cell {
         let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string());
         assert!(res.is_err());
         return;
     }
-    panic!("Cell not found");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -684,7 +807,7 @@ fn invalid_equations() {
     let cell = grid.get_cell("B0").as_ref().expect("Just set the cell");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string());
     assert!(res.is_ok());
-    assert!(res.is_ok_and(|v| v == 10.));
+    assert!(res.is_ok_and(|v| v == (10.).into()));
 
     // Trailing comma in function call
     grid.set_cell("A0", 5.);
@@ -692,7 +815,7 @@ fn invalid_equations() {
     grid.set_cell("B0", "=avg(A0,A1,)".to_string());
     let cell = grid.get_cell("B0").as_ref().expect("Just set the cell");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), 7.5);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), (7.5).into());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -700,17 +823,17 @@ fn grid_max() {
     let mut grid = Grid::new();
 
     grid.set_cell("A0", 1.);
-    let (mx, my) = grid.max();
+    let (mx, my) = grid.get_grid().max();
     assert_eq!(mx, 0);
     assert_eq!(my, 0);
 
     grid.set_cell("B0", 1.);
-    let (mx, my) = grid.max();
+    let (mx, my) = grid.get_grid().max();
     assert_eq!(mx, 1);
     assert_eq!(my, 0);
 
     grid.set_cell("B5", 1.);
-    let (mx, my) = grid.max();
+    let (mx, my) = grid.get_grid().max();
     assert_eq!(mx, 1);
     assert_eq!(my, 5);
 }
@@ -723,19 +846,19 @@ fn avg_function() {
     let cell = grid.get_cell("A0").as_ref().expect("Just set the cell");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string());
     assert!(res.is_ok());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), 5.);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), (5.).into());
 
     grid.set_cell("A0", "=avg(5,10)".to_string());
     let cell = grid.get_cell("A0").as_ref().expect("Just set the cell");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string());
     assert!(res.is_ok());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), 7.5);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), (7.5).into());
 
     grid.set_cell("A0", "=avg(5,10,15)".to_string());
     let cell = grid.get_cell("A0").as_ref().expect("Just set the cell");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string());
     assert!(res.is_ok());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), 10.);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), (10.).into());
 
     grid.set_cell("A0", "=avg(foo)".to_string());
     let cell = grid.get_cell("A0").as_ref().expect("Just set the cell");
@@ -761,13 +884,13 @@ fn sum_function() {
     let cell = grid.get_cell("A0").as_ref().expect("Just set the cell");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string());
     assert!(res.is_ok());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), 5.);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), (5.).into());
 
     grid.set_cell("A0", "=sum(5,10)".to_string());
     let cell = grid.get_cell("A0").as_ref().expect("Just set the cell");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string());
     assert!(res.is_ok());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), 15.);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), (15.).into());
 
     grid.set_cell("A0", "=sum(foo)".to_string());
     let cell = grid.get_cell("A0").as_ref().expect("Just set the cell");
@@ -797,7 +920,7 @@ fn xlookup_function() {
     let cell = grid.get_cell("B0").as_ref().expect("Just set the cell");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string());
     assert!(res.is_ok());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), 31.);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap(), (31.).into());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -851,6 +974,19 @@ fn parse_csv() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn invalid_ranges() {
+    let mut grid = Grid::new();
+
+    grid.set_cell("A0", 2.);
+    grid.set_cell("A1", 1.);
+    // ASCII to number conversion needs to not overflow
+    grid.set_cell("B0", "=sum($:A)".to_string());
+
+    let cell = grid.get_cell("B0").as_ref().expect("Just set it");
+    let _ = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should evaluate.");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn ranges() {
     let mut grid = Grid::new();
@@ -862,13 +998,13 @@ fn ranges() {
     // range with numbers
     let cell = grid.get_cell("B0").as_ref().expect("Just set it");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should evaluate.");
-    assert_eq!(res, 3.);
+    assert_eq!(res, (3.).into());
 
     // use range output as input for other function
     grid.set_cell("B1", "=B0*2".to_string());
     let cell = grid.get_cell("B1").as_ref().expect("Just set it");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should evaluate.");
-    assert_eq!(res, 6.);
+    assert_eq!(res, (6.).into());
 
     // use equation outputs as range input
     grid.set_cell("A2", "=C0+1".to_string());
@@ -876,11 +1012,11 @@ fn ranges() {
 
     let cell = grid.get_cell("A2").as_ref().expect("Just set it");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should evaluate.");
-    assert_eq!(res, 6.);
+    assert_eq!(res, (6.).into());
 
     let cell = grid.get_cell("B0").as_ref().expect("Just set it");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should evaluate.");
-    assert_eq!(res, 9.);
+    assert_eq!(res, (9.).into());
 
     // use function outputs as range input
     grid.set_cell("B1", 2.);
@@ -889,7 +1025,7 @@ fn ranges() {
 
     let cell = grid.get_cell("C0").as_ref().expect("Just set it");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should evaluate.");
-    assert_eq!(res, 5.);
+    assert_eq!(res, (5.).into());
 
     // use range outputs as range input
     grid.set_cell("D0", "=sum(C:C)".to_string());
@@ -897,7 +1033,7 @@ fn ranges() {
 
     let cell = grid.get_cell("D0").as_ref().expect("Just set it");
     let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string()).expect("Should evaluate.");
-    assert_eq!(res, 6.);
+    assert_eq!(res, (6.).into());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -982,6 +1118,66 @@ fn insert_col_before_3() {
     assert_eq!(cell.to_string(), "=B0*B1");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn insert_col_before_static_range() {
+    let mut grid = Grid::new();
+
+    grid.set_cell("A0", 2.);
+    grid.set_cell("A1", 2.);
+    grid.set_cell("B0", "=sum(A:A)".to_string());
+
+    grid.mv_cursor_to(1, 0);
+    grid.insert_column_before(grid.cursor());
+
+    let cell = grid.get_cell("C0").as_ref().expect("Just set it");
+    assert_eq!(cell.to_string(), "=sum(A:A)");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn insert_col_before_move_range() {
+    let mut grid = Grid::new();
+
+    grid.set_cell("B0", 2.);
+    grid.set_cell("B1", 2.);
+    grid.set_cell("A0", "=sum(B:B)".to_string());
+
+    grid.mv_cursor_to(0, 0);
+    grid.insert_column_after(grid.cursor());
+
+    let cell = grid.get_cell("A0").as_ref().expect("Just set it");
+    assert_eq!(cell.to_string(), "=sum(C:C)");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn insert_row_before_static_range() {
+    let mut grid = Grid::new();
+
+    grid.set_cell("A0", 2.);
+    grid.set_cell("A1", 2.);
+    grid.set_cell("B0", "=sum(A:A)".to_string());
+
+    grid.mv_cursor_to(0, 0);
+    grid.insert_row_above(grid.cursor());
+
+    let cell = grid.get_cell("B1").as_ref().expect("Just set it");
+    assert_eq!(cell.to_string(), "=sum(A:A)");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn insert_row_before_move_range() {
+    let mut grid = Grid::new();
+
+    grid.set_cell("A0", 2.);
+    grid.set_cell("A1", 2.);
+    grid.set_cell("B0", "=sum(A:A)".to_string());
+
+    grid.mv_cursor_to(0, 0);
+    grid.insert_row_below(grid.cursor());
+
+    let cell = grid.get_cell("B0").as_ref().expect("Just set it");
+    assert_eq!(cell.to_string(), "=sum(A:A)");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn insert_row_above_1() {
     let mut grid = Grid::new();
@@ -1067,6 +1263,34 @@ fn cell_eval_depth() {
     assert_eq!(c.to_string(), "=A5+$A$0");
 
     let res = app.grid.evaluate(&c.to_string()).expect("Should evaluate");
-    assert_eq!(res, 7.);
+    assert_eq!(res, (7.).into());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn return_string_from_fn() {
+    let mut grid = Grid::new();
+    grid.set_cell("A0", "=if(2>1, \"A\", \"B\")".to_string()); // true, A
+    grid.set_cell("A1", "=if(1>2, \"A\", \"B\")".to_string()); // false, B
+
+    let cell = grid.get_cell("A0").as_ref().expect("Just set the cell");
+    let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string());
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    if let Ok(f) = res {
+        if let CellType::String(s) = f {
+            assert_eq!("A", s);
+        } else {
+            unreachable!();
+        }
+    }
+
+    let cell = grid.get_cell("A1").as_ref().expect("Just set the cell");
+    let res = grid.evaluate(&cell.to_string());
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    if let Ok(f) = res {
+        if let CellType::String(s) = f {
+            assert_eq!("B", s);
+        } else {
+            unreachable!();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/app/logic/cell.rs

@@ -11,15 +11,15 @@ pub enum CellType {
     Equation(String),
 }
 
-impl Into<CellType> for f64 {
+impl From<f64> for CellType {
-    fn into(self) -> CellType {
+    fn from(value: f64) -> Self {
-        CellType::duck_type(self.to_string())
+        CellType::duck_type(value.to_string())
     }
 }
 
-impl Into<CellType> for String {
+impl From<String> for CellType {
-    fn into(self) -> CellType {
+    fn from(value: String) -> Self {
-        CellType::duck_type(self)
+        CellType::duck_type(value)
     }
 }
 
@@ -37,14 +37,10 @@ impl CellType {
         }
 
         // escape string of it has a comma
-        if display.contains(CSV_DELIMITER) {
+        if display.contains(CSV_DELIMITER) { format!("\"{display}\"") } else { display }
-            format!("\"{display}\"")
-        } else {
-            display
-        }
     }
 
-    fn duck_type<'a>(value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+    fn duck_type(value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         let value = value.into();
 
         if let Ok(parse) = value.parse::<f64>() {
@@ -56,14 +52,19 @@ impl CellType {
 
     /// `replace_fn` takes the string, the old value, and then the new value.
     /// It can be thought of as `echo $1 | sed s/$2/$3/g`
-    pub fn custom_translate_cell(&self, from: (usize, usize), to: (usize, usize), replace_fn: impl Fn(&str, &str, &str) -> String) -> CellType {
+    pub fn custom_translate_cell(
+        &self,
+        from: (usize, usize),
+        to: (usize, usize),
+        replace_fn: impl Fn(&str, &str, &str) -> String,
+    ) -> CellType {
         match self {
             // don't translate non-equations
             CellType::Number(_) | CellType::String(_) => return self.clone(),
             CellType::Equation(eq) => {
                 // Populate the context
                 let ctx = ExtractionContext::new();
-                let _ = eval_with_context(eq, &ctx);
+                let _ = eval_with_context(&eq[1..], &ctx);
 
                 let mut equation = eq.clone();
                 // translate standard vars A0 -> A1
@@ -73,7 +74,8 @@ impl CellType {
                     let mut lock_y = false;
 
                     if old_var.contains('$') {
-                        let locations = old_var.char_indices().filter(|(_, c)| *c == '$').map(|(i, _)| i).collect::<Vec<usize>>();
+                        let locations =
+                            old_var.char_indices().filter(|(_, c)| *c == '$').map(|(i, _)| i).collect::<Vec<usize>>();
                         match locations.len() {
                             1 => {
                                 if locations[0] == 0 {
@@ -107,20 +109,11 @@ impl CellType {
                         let x2 = x2 as i32;
                         let y2 = y2 as i32;
 
-                        let dest_x = if lock_x {
+                        let dest_x = if lock_x { src_x } else { (src_x as i32 + (x2 - x1)) as usize };
-                            src_x as usize
-                        } else {
-                            (src_x as i32 + (x2 - x1)) as usize
-                        };
 
-                        let dest_y = if lock_y {
+                        let dest_y = if lock_y { src_y } else { (src_y as i32 + (y2 - y1)) as usize };
-                            src_y as usize
-                        } else {
-                            (src_y as i32 + (y2 - y1)) as usize
-                        };
 
                         let alpha = Grid::num_to_char(dest_x);
-                        let alpha = alpha.trim();
 
                         // Persist the "$" locking
                         let new_var = if lock_x {
@@ -136,6 +129,32 @@ impl CellType {
                         // rolling = rolling.replace(&old_var, &new_var);
                     } else {
                         // why you coping invalid stuff, nerd?
+                        //
+                        // could be copying a range
+                        if let Some(parts) = Grid::range_as_indices(&old_var) {
+                            // how far is the movement?
+                            let dx = to.0 as i32 - from.0 as i32;
+
+                            let xs = parts.0 as i32;
+                            let xe = parts.1 as i32;
+
+                            // apply movement
+                            let mut new_range_start = xs + dx;
+                            let mut new_range_end = xe + dx;
+
+                            // bottom out at 0
+                            if new_range_start < 0 {
+                                new_range_start = 0;
+                            }
+                            if new_range_end < 0 {
+                                new_range_end = 0;
+                            }
+
+                            // convert the index back into a letter and then submit it
+                            let start = Grid::num_to_char(new_range_start as usize);
+                            let end = Grid::num_to_char(new_range_end as usize);
+                            equation = replace_fn(&equation, &old_var, &format!("{start}:{end}"));
+                        }
                     }
                 }
                 return equation.into();
@@ -158,3 +177,14 @@ impl Display for CellType {
         write!(f, "{d}")
     }
 }
+
+impl PartialEq for CellType {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (Self::Number(left), Self::Number(right)) => left == right,
+            (Self::String(left), Self::String(right)) => left == right,
+            (Self::Equation(left), Self::Equation(right)) => left == right,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}

src/app/logic/ctx.rs

@@ -16,25 +16,11 @@ pub struct CallbackContext<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> CallbackContext<'a> {
     fn expand_range(&self, range: &str) -> Option<Vec<&CellType>> {
-        let v = range.split(':').collect::<Vec<&str>>();
+        if let Some((start, end)) = Grid::range_as_indices(range) {
-        if v.len() == 2 {
-            let start_col = v[0];
-            let end_col = v[1];
-
-            let as_index = |s: &str| {
-                s.char_indices()
-                    // .filter(|f| f.1 as u8 >= 97) // prevent sub with overflow errors
-                    .map(|(idx, c)| (c.to_ascii_lowercase() as usize - 97) + (26 * idx))
-                    .fold(0, |a, b| a + b)
-            };
-
-            let start_idx = as_index(start_col);
-            let end_idx = as_index(end_col);
-
             let mut buf = Vec::new();
 
-            for x in start_idx..=end_idx {
+            for x in start..=end {
-                for y in 0..=self.variables.max_y_at_x(x) {
+                for y in 0..=self.variables.get_grid().max_y_at_x(x) {
                     if let Some(s) = self.variables.get_cell_raw(x, y) {
                         buf.push(s);
                     }
@@ -162,8 +148,8 @@ impl<'a> Context for CallbackContext<'a> {
         }
 
         if let Ok(mut trail) = self.eval_breadcrumbs.write() {
-            let find = trail.iter().filter(|id| *id == identifier).collect::<Vec<&String>>();
+            let find = trail.iter().filter(|id| *id == identifier).count();
-            if find.len() > 0 {
+            if find > 0 {
                 // recursion detected
                 return None;
             } else {
@@ -195,14 +181,21 @@ impl<'a> Context for CallbackContext<'a> {
                         },
                         Err(e) => {
                             match e {
-                                EvalexprError::VariableIdentifierNotFound(_) => {
+                                EvalexprError::VariableIdentifierNotFound(_err) => {
                                     // If the variable isn't found, that's ~~probably~~ because
                                     // of recursive reference, considering all references
                                     // are grabbed straight from the table.
                                     return None;
                                 }
 
-                                e => panic!("> Error {e}\n> Equation: '{eq}'"),
+                                e => {
+                                    let msg = format!("> Error {e}\n> Equation: '{eq}'");
+                                    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+                                    panic!("{msg}");
+
+                                    #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+                                    eprintln!("{msg}");
+                                },
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -217,8 +210,14 @@ impl<'a> Context for CallbackContext<'a> {
                         CellType::Number(e) => vals.push(Value::Float(*e)),
                         CellType::String(s) => vals.push(Value::String(s.to_owned())),
                         CellType::Equation(eq) => {
-                            if let Ok(val) = eval_with_context(&eq[1..], self) {
+                            match eval_with_context(&eq[1..], self) {
-                                vals.push(val);
+                                Ok(val) => vals.push(val),
+                                Err(_err) => {
+                                    // At this point we are getting an error because
+                                    // recursion protection made this equation return
+                                    // None. We now don't get any evaluation.
+                                    return None
+                                },
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -270,10 +269,19 @@ impl ExtractionContext {
         }
     }
     pub fn dump_vars(&self) -> Vec<String> {
-        if let Ok(r) = self.var_registry.read() { r.clone() } else { Vec::new() }
+        if let Ok(r) = self.var_registry.read() {
+            r.clone()
+        } else {
+            Vec::new()
         }
+    }
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub fn dump_fns(&self) -> Vec<String> {
-        if let Ok(r) = self.fn_registry.read() { r.clone() } else { Vec::new() }
+        if let Ok(r) = self.fn_registry.read() {
+            r.clone()
+        } else {
+            Vec::new()
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -301,8 +309,7 @@ impl Context for ExtractionContext {
         } else {
             panic!("The RwLock should always be write-able")
         }
-        // Ok(Value::Int(1))
+        Ok(Value::Int(1))
-        unimplemented!("Extracting function identifier not implemented yet")
     }
 
     fn are_builtin_functions_disabled(&self) -> bool {

src/app/mode.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ use std::{
     cmp::{max, min},
     fmt::Display,
     fs,
-    path::PathBuf, process::Command,
+    path::PathBuf,
+    process::Command,
 };
 
 use ratatui::{
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ use crate::app::{
     app::App,
     error_msg::StatusMessage,
     logic::{
-        calc::{CSV_EXT, CUSTOM_EXT, Grid, LEN},
+        calc::{Grid, LEN},
         cell::CellType,
     },
 };
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ impl Mode {
                                 path.file_name().map(|f| f.to_str().unwrap_or("n/a")).unwrap_or("n/a")
                             ));
 
-                            if let None = app.file {
+                            if app.file.is_none() {
                                 app.file = Some(path)
                             }
                         }
@@ -153,11 +154,13 @@ impl Mode {
 
             let mut save_range = |to: &str| {
                 let mut g = Grid::new();
+                g.transact_on_grid(|grid| {
                     for (i, x) in (low_x..=hi_x).enumerate() {
                         for (j, y) in (low_y..=hi_y).enumerate() {
-                        g.set_cell_raw((i, j), app.grid.get_cell_raw(x, y).clone());
+                            grid.set_cell_raw((i, j), grid.get_cell_raw(x, y).clone());
                         }
                     }
+                });
                 if let Err(_e) = g.save_to(to) {
                     app.msg = StatusMessage::error("Failed to save file");
                 }
@@ -171,13 +174,30 @@ impl Mode {
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                return "unknown"
+                return "unknown";
             };
 
             match args[0] {
+                "f" | "fill" => {
+                    app.grid.transact_on_grid(|grid| {
+                        for (i, x) in (low_x..=hi_x).enumerate() {
+                            for (j, y) in (low_y..=hi_y).enumerate() {
+                                let arg = args
+                                    .get(1)
+                                    .map(|s| s.replace("xi", &i.to_string()))
+                                    .map(|s| s.replace("yi", &j.to_string()))
+                                    .map(|s| s.replace("x", &x.to_string()))
+                                    .map(|s| s.replace("y", &y.to_string()));
+                                grid.set_cell_raw((x, y), arg);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    });
+
+                    app.mode = Mode::Normal
+                }
                 "export" => {
                     if let Some(arg1) = args.get(1) {
-                        save_range(&arg1);
+                        save_range(arg1);
                     } else {
                         app.msg = StatusMessage::error("export <path.csv>")
                     }
@@ -187,11 +207,7 @@ impl Mode {
                     // Use gnuplot to plot the selected data.
                     // * Temp data will be stored in /tmp/
                     // * Output will either be plot.png or a name that you pass in
-                    let output_filename = if let Some(arg1) = args.get(1) {
+                    let output_filename = if let Some(arg1) = args.get(1) { arg1 } else { "plot.png" };
-                        arg1
-                    } else {
-                        "plot.png"
-                    };
 
                     save_range("/tmp/plot.csv");
                     let plot = include_str!("../../template.gnuplot");
@@ -205,7 +221,9 @@ impl Mode {
                     let cmd_res = Command::new("gnuplot").arg("/tmp/plot.p").output();
                     if let Err(err) = cmd_res {
                         match err.kind() {
-                            std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => app.msg = StatusMessage::error("Error - Is gnuplot installed?"),
+                            std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
+                                app.msg = StatusMessage::error("Error - Is gnuplot installed?")
+                            }
                             _ => app.msg = StatusMessage::error(format!("{err}")),
                         };
                     } else {
@@ -255,20 +273,20 @@ impl Mode {
                     // Go to end of row
                     '$' => {
                         let (_, y) = app.grid.cursor();
-                        app.grid.mv_cursor_to(super::logic::calc::LEN, y);
+                        app.grid.mv_cursor_to(super::logic::calc::LEN-1, y);
                         return;
                     }
                     // Go to bottom of column
                     'G' => {
                         let (x, _) = app.grid.cursor();
-                        app.grid.mv_cursor_to(x, super::logic::calc::LEN,);
+                        app.grid.mv_cursor_to(x, super::logic::calc::LEN-1);
                         return;
                     }
                     // edit cell
                     'i' | 'a' => {
                         let (x, y) = app.grid.cursor();
 
-                        let val = app.grid.get_cell_raw(x, y).as_ref().map(|f| f.to_string()).unwrap_or(String::new());
+                        let val = app.grid.get_cell_raw(x, y).as_ref().map(|f| f.to_string()).unwrap_or_default();
 
                         app.mode = Mode::Insert(Chord::from(val));
                     }
@@ -304,6 +322,11 @@ impl Mode {
                             app.mode = Mode::Command(Chord::new(':'))
                         }
                     }
+                    // undo
+                    'u' => {
+                        app.grid.undo();
+                    }
+                    // paste
                     'p' => {
                         app.clipboard.paste(&mut app.grid, true);
                         app.grid.apply_momentum(app.clipboard.momentum());
@@ -454,14 +477,12 @@ impl Mode {
         let len = match &self {
             Mode::Insert(edit) | Mode::VisualCmd(_, edit) | Mode::Command(edit) | Mode::Chord(edit) => edit.len(),
             Mode::Normal => {
-                let len = cell.as_ref().map(|f| f.to_string().len()).unwrap_or_default();
+                cell.as_ref().map(|f| f.to_string().len()).unwrap_or_default()
-                len
             }
             Mode::Visual(_) => 0,
         };
         // min 20 chars, expand if needed
-        let len = max(len as u16 + 1, 20);
+        max(len as u16 + 1, 20)
-        len
     }
 
     pub fn render(&self, f: &mut ratatui::Frame, area: prelude::Rect, cell: &Option<CellType>) {
@@ -475,8 +496,7 @@ impl Mode {
             Mode::Chord(chord) => f.render_widget(chord, area),
             Mode::Normal => f.render_widget(
                 Paragraph::new({
-                    let cell = cell.as_ref().map(|f| f.to_string()).unwrap_or_default();
+                    cell.as_ref().map(|f| f.to_string()).unwrap_or_default()
-                    cell
                 }),
                 area,
             ),
@@ -493,20 +513,15 @@ pub struct Chord {
 impl From<String> for Chord {
     fn from(value: String) -> Self {
         let b = value.as_bytes().iter().map(|f| *f as char).collect();
-        Chord {
+        Chord { buf: b }
-            buf: b,
-        }
     }
 }
 
 impl Chord {
     pub fn new(inital: char) -> Self {
-        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+        let buf = vec![inital];
-        buf.push(inital);
 
-        Self {
+        Self { buf }
-            buf,
-        }
     }
 
     pub fn backspace(&mut self) {

src/app/screen.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::RwLock};
+use std::{cmp::min, collections::HashMap, sync::RwLock};
 
 use ratatui::prelude;
 
-use crate::app::logic::calc::{self, LEN};
+use crate::app::logic::calc::LEN;
 
 pub struct ScreenSpace {
     /// This is measured in cells.
@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ impl ScreenSpace {
             // ======= X =======
             // screen seems to be 2 cells smaller than it should be
             // this is probably related to issue #6
-            let x_cells = (screen_size.0 / self.get_cell_width(vars) as usize) -2;
+            let x_cells = (screen_size.0 / self.get_cell_width(vars)) -2;
             // ======= Y =======
             // screen seems to be 2 cells smaller than it should be
             // this is probably related to issue #6
-            let y_cells = (screen_size.1 / self.get_cell_height(vars) as usize) -2;
+            let y_cells = (screen_size.1 / self.get_cell_height(vars)) -2;
             (x_cells,y_cells)
         } else {
             (0,0)
@@ -123,22 +123,12 @@ impl ScreenSpace {
             l.1 = area.height as usize;
         }
 
-        // let width = (area.width as usize + calc::get_header_size() -1) / self.get_cell_width(vars);
+        let width = (area.width as usize / self.get_cell_width(vars)) + 1;
-        let width = area.width as usize / self.get_cell_width(vars);
         let height = area.height as usize / self.get_cell_height(vars);
 
-        let x_max =
+        let x_max = min(LEN-1, width);
-            if width > LEN {
+        let y_max = min(LEN-1, height);
-                LEN - 1
+
-            } else {
-                width
-            };
-        let y_max =
-            if height > LEN {
-                LEN - 1
-            } else {
-                height
-            };
         (x_max as u16, y_max as u16)
     }
 
@@ -152,7 +142,7 @@ fn fit_cells() {
     app.vars.insert("height".to_string(), 1.to_string());
 
     let (x,y) = app.screen.how_many_cells_fit_in(&prelude::Rect::new(0, 0, 181, 14), &app.vars);
-    assert_eq!(x, 18);
+    assert_eq!(x, 19);
     assert_eq!(y, 14);
 }
 
@@ -166,7 +156,7 @@ fn scroll() {
     // We have to check how many cells fit, because screen learns the width
     // of the area by rumour here.
     let (x,y) = app.screen.how_many_cells_fit_in(&prelude::Rect::new(0, 0, 181, 14), &app.vars);
-    assert_eq!(x, 18);
+    assert_eq!(x, 19);
     assert_eq!(y, 14);
 
     // we aren't scrolled at all yet

src/main.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+#![allow(clippy::needless_return)]
+#![allow(clippy::len_zero)]
+#![allow(clippy::collapsible_if)]
+#![allow(clippy::collapsible_else_if)]
+#![allow(clippy::collapsible_match)]
+#![allow(clippy::single_match)]
+
 mod app;
 
 use std::env::args;